Vermont

Geology Resources - Vermont

• Vermont State Geological Survey
  • Publications Catalog
  • Geology of Vermont
    • Photogallery of Vermont Geology
    • Vermont Geology Sites
    • Vermont State Rocks and the State Mineral
    • Slate in Vermont - The Slate Building Stone Quarrying and Refining Process
• Mineral and Fossil Museums, Exhibits, & Displays in the United States - Vermont
• National Geologic Map Database, presented by the United States Geologic Survey.
• US Mineralogy Literature List on J. Adam's Mineral Page
• Vermont State Minerals Information (USGS)

Research Resources - Vermont

• Archives
  • ARCCAT: Catalog of Vermont Archives & Manuscripts
  • Archival Research Catalog, U. S. National Archives & Records Administration (NARA)
  • Archives in Vermont, presented by the New England Archivists.
  • Directories of Archival Resources for Archivists and Researchers, presented by the New England Archivists.
  • Library of Congress Digitized American Memory Collection
  • Library of Congress Online Map Collections, American Memory.
  • National Archives and Records Administration - Northeast Region (Boston, Massachusetts).
  • National Geologic Map Database, presented by the United States Geologic Survey.
  • Repositories of Primary Sources – Vermont
  • Special Collections Web Resources, hosted by the Rare Book and Manuscript Section of the American Library Association, includes links to discussion lists, information about electronic records, and online preservation resources.
  • University of Vermont Libraries – UVM Special Collections at the Bailey-Howe Library
    • Vermont Folklife Center – Oral History Archives
  • U. S. National Archives & Records Management (NARA)
  • The Vermont State Archives
• Historical Sources
  • American Folklife Center - The Library of Congress’ repository for American folk music and folklore and folklife collections.
  • American Life Histories - Manuscripts from WPA Writers’ Project (1936-1940), Library of Congress - American Memory.
  • American Local History Network - Vermont (history and genealogy)
  • American Memory - the Library of Congress' gateway to primary source materials relating to the history and culture of the United States. “Mission: American Memory provides free and open access through the Internet to written and spoken words, sound recordings, still and moving images, prints, maps, and sheet music that document the American experience. It is a digital record of American history and creativity. These materials, from the collections of the Library of Congress and other institutions, chronicle historical events, people, places, and ideas that continue to shape America, serving the public as a resource for education and lifelong learning.”
  • American Memory Railroad Maps 1828-1900 - Vermont
  • Architecture of the United States, presented by Glass, Steel, and Stone.

  • Barre Granite Association

  • Barre, Vermont - Barre Downtown Historic District, presented by the National Park Service
  • Barre, Vermont, Barre's Italian Pride, presented by Barre Granite Association

  • Central Vermont Arts Guide (Includes information on: Barre Historical Society, Montpelier Heritage Group, Vermont Historical Society, Bragg Farm Sugarhouse and Gift Shop, Rock of Ages Visitors Center, Vermont State House, Camp Meade Victory Museum, USS Montpelier Museum, Art Resource Association, Artisans Hand, Ruth Pope Gallery, Savoy Theater, Studio Place Arts, T. W. Wood Gallery & Arts Center, Other Galleries, theaters, concerts, festivals, pow wows, the Aldrich Public Library, and the Kellogg-Hubbard Library.)

  • Central Vermont - Explore History in the Heart of the Green Mountains by the National Park Service (Vermont history bibliography and online links)
    • Agriculture and Industry

    • Historic Walking Tours in Central Vermont’s Cities and Towns (Barre, Montpelier, Waterbury, and Waitsfield)

    • Learn More About Central Vermont
    • Vermont History
  • Central Vermont Heritage

  • Central Vermont - Map of Historical Places to Visit, presented on the Central Vermont Chamber of Commerce web site.

  • Dorset, Vermont - Historical Society & Museum (several photographs of the area)
  • Dorset, Vermont - History, presented by the Dorset, Vermont, Chamber of Commerce.
  • Dorset, Vermont, by Virtual Vermont Internet Magazine
  • Gateway to Vermont, presented by Karima.
  • Ghost Towns of Vermont, presented by Gary B Speck Publications.
  • Google Book Search: You can use Google Book Search to search for specific subjects in thousands of books available through the Google Book Search - both books under copyright and in the public domain. Hundreds of books are added regularly, so check back if you do not find books on the subject for which you are seeking information.

  • Granite Sculpture Downtown Barre, “Granite Capitol of the World,” Vermont, presented on the Central Vermont web site.

  • Historic Federal Buildings, by Phineas E. Paist and Harold D. (View by State or Architect)
  • Historic USGS Maps of New England, UNH Dimond Library, Documents Department & Data Center (New Hampshire, Connecticut, Maine, Massachusetts, Rhode Island, Vermont, and New York)

  • Historic Walking Tours in Central Vermont’s Cities and Towns (Barre, Montpelier, Waterbury, and Waitsfield), presented on the Central Vermont web site.

  • History of Marble and West Rutland, presented by H. Hirschmann Windows and Doors.
  • History Online

  • Hope Cemetery, Merchant Street, Barre, Vermont, presented on the Central Vermont web site.

  • Index of Resources for Historians - the Index is maintained jointly by the Department of History of the University of Kansas and the Lehrstuhl für Ältere deutsche Literaturwissenschaft der Universität Regensburg, and is managed by Eric Marzo of Regensburg and Lynn H. Nelson of Kansas.
  • Lessons in Stone – Harvard’s Building Blocks Teach Natural and Cultural History (Harvard Magazine) Text by David B. Williams and color photographs by Jim Harrison.
  • Library of Congress Digitized American Memory Collection
  • Linkpendium - Vermont (genealogy and history resources)
  • Making of America (MOA) Making of America is a digital library of primary sources in American social history from the antebellum period through reconstruction.
  • Manchester Area and Surrounding Areas, Vermont - Towns and Villages. This site provides some information on Danby and its marble quarries.
  • Maps - Old Maps of New York and New England (retail web site) Historical Ink offers map reproductions of ".New York, Maine, Massachusetts, Rhode Island, New Hampshire, Vermont, and Connecticut Cities, Towns & Villages & Gazetteer Excerpts."

  • Milk, Granite, and Small-Town Railroading - “This site has been created to promote the exchange of historical data, photographs, and memories related to the Montpelier & Wells River Railroad and the Barre & Chelsea Railroad.”

  • Montpelier, Vermont, History, by City of Montpelier, Vermont.
  • The National Parks Service - Links to the Past - People - Places - Objects & Events: “Explore America 's cultural resources - buildings, landscapes, archeological sites, ethnographic resources, objects and documents, structures and districts.”
  • National Register - Online Travel Itineraries in the United States
  • The Nineteenth Century in Print: The Making of America in Books and Periodicals. A distributed digital library collaboration at the Cornell University Library - Library of Congress - American Memories. (Includes many articles relating to Vermont stone quarries and stone workers and companies.)
  • Railways - A Summary of the State of Railroads in the United States, Including the Prospects for a Pacific Railroad, from the Report of the Superintendent of the Census for December 1, 1852 - Seventh Census. Web site presented by the Central Pacific Railroad Photographic History Museum.
  • Resources for Historians, Hanover College, Department of History, Hanover, Indiana.
  • Resources for Historians on the World Wide Web, A Service of the History Department, University of Nevada, Reno.
  • Resources for Historians - The History Guide, presented by Steven Kreis.
  • Rutland, Vermont - History, presented by the Rutland Historical Society.
  • Rutland, Vermont - History and Genealogy, affiliated with the American Local History Network and the American History and Genealogy Project.
  • Rutland County, Vermont, History, presented by the VTGenWeb Project.
  • Rutland Historical Society
  • Surviving Steam Locomotives in Vermont, presented by Steam Locomotive dot com.
  • Vermont Buildings, Structures, & Architects on the Philadelphia Architects & Buildings Project (PAB) web site. You can search the database for buildings, structures, and architects either as a visitor or you can register free. You cannot search for specific cities, but you can search for county locations. There are no photographs presented, but the location and/or address and the name of the architect are included if known; and the historic registration information is also included.
  • Vermont Folklife Center
  • Vermont Granite Museum
  • Vermont Heritage Network
    • Historical Themes - Vermont Heritage Network - Heritage Tourism and Historic Sites
    • Industry and Commerce
    • Tourism
    • Transportation
  • Vermont Historical Society
    • Local Historical Societies
    • Vermont Historical Library
    • Vermont Historical Society Museum
  • Vermont Historic Sites Guide, presented by Vermont Division for Historic Preservation.
  • Vermont History and Genealogy, Vermont GenWeb Project Site.
  • Vermont Marble Exhibit, Proctor, Vermont

  • Vermont Mining, presented bySaleem H. Ali, Ph.D., Associate Professor of Environmental Planning, University of Vermont, Rubenstein School of Environment and Natural Resources. (This web sites covers the mining of asbestos, copper, granite, marble, and slate in Vermont.) A few of the links from this web site are as follows:

    • Introduction
    • Overview
    • Granite Quarrying in Vermont (history and photographs - includes several photographs of the Rock of Ages Corp. Granite Quarries in Barre, Vermont )
    • Marble Quarrying in Vermont (history and photographs)
    • Slate Quarrying in Vermont (history and photographs)
  • Virtual Vermont Internet Magazine - Vermont History
  • Vermont VTUSGenWeb Project (genealogy and history resources)
  • The World's Columbian Exposition of 1893, Paul V. Galvin Library Digital History Collection - Illinois Institute of Technology.
    • The Vermont Building at the World's Columbian Exposition of 1893
  • WPA Life Histories From Vermont (Includes many stories relating to Vermont stone workers and stone quarries.)
• Libraries
  • Aldrich Public Library - Barre Museum. The Barre Museum maintains a comprehensive collection of tools and plaster models pertaining to the granite Industry, both manufacturing and quarrying.
  • ArcCat - Catalog of Vermont Archives and Manuscripts
  • LibCat - A Guide to Library Resources - Vermont
  • LibDex - The Library Index – Vermont
  • Library of Congress Digitized American Memory Collection
    • Library of Congress Learning Page for Digitized Collections
  • National Archive (NARA) Northeast Region (Boston, Massachusetts) (Research resources of retired records)
  • University of Vermont Libraries
    • UVM Special Collections at the Bailey/Howe Library
  • Web Pages of Vermont Public Libraries
• Museums
  • The Bennington Museum
  • Lake Champlain Maritime Museum, Vergennes
  • Mineral and Fossil Museums, Exhibits, & Displays in the United States - Vermont
  • Shelburne Museum, Shelburne, Vermont. This site includes a virtual tour of the museum.
  • Perkins Museum of Geology
  • Vermont Granite Museum of Barre, Vermont, presented by the Central Vermont Chamber of Commerce.
  • Vermont Museum Links - Vermont History on the Web, presented by the Vermont Historical Society.
• Other
  • 1895 U.S. Atlas - Vermont
  • Agriculture & Industry in Vermont, presented by the National Park Service (Scroll down to section on stone quarries, includes photograph of the Jones Brothers Granite Quarry in Barre, Vermont.)

  • Central Vermont - Places to See - Things to Do

  • Craftsmen Center, Graniteville, Vermont.

  • Cyndi's List - Online Research Resources - Vermont
  • Foliage Tour of Vermont, by Philip Greenspun. Included amongst the many photographs of Vermont on this web site are the following photographs relating to the quarries: Graniteville rockpile, the Rock of Ages quarry; a nearby factory where stone carvers are at work, and cemetery stones of granite.
  • Google - Local (Use Google’s Local Map, Satellite, and Hybrid (combination map and satellite image) views to view locations of your choice. Be sure to designate the location in the search field in the Google - Local window.)
  • Guide to 50 States – Vermont
  • National Geologic Map Database, presented by the United States Geologic Survey.

  • Norwich Military Museum, Barre, Vermont. (“The Nation’s oldest private military college.”)

  • Selected Vermont and New England Internet Sources, presented by the State of New York.
  • TerraServer-USA, sponsored by the U.S. Geological Survey and MSN Virtual Earth.
  • Topographic Maps and Atlases
  • TopoZone “The TopoZone is the Web's center for recreational and professional topographic map users.” (Includes a place name search form.)
  • Vermont Agency of Natural Resources
  • Vermont Almanac, presented by Netstate.com.
  • Vermont Chamber of Commerce
  • Vermont Chambers of Commerce (List of individual Vermont chambers of commerce)
  • Vermont Division for Historic Preservation, by the Department of Housing and Community Affairs, Agency of Commerce and Community Development.

  • Vermont Historical Society Museum, Pavilion Building in Montpelier, Vermont.

  • Vermont Newspaper Project
  • Vermont Scenic Byways, presented by the National Scenic Byways Program.
  • World Almanac for Kids Online – Vermont
  • WorldAtlas.com – Vermont

The Vermont Stone Industry

• 1856 - Vermont - The following excerpt is from the 1856, "The Marble-Workers' Handbook."

  "Vermont is the Marble State, and this material will prove one of its most fruitful sources of wealth. Fine white Marble, which can be obtained in large cakes, is found along the base of the Green Mountains, for fifty miles above and below Rutland. At West Rutland statuary Marble is quarried that is surpassed by none in the world. Our own sculptors have availed themselves of it to some extent, and some orders for it from Italian sculptors at Rome have been filled. It is said to be a finer grain, to work more easily than the foreign, and not to crumble so badly under the chisel. At this time locality is spotted grey Marble, much used for mantels. A beautiful dark-colored article is got at Pittsford. From Shoreham and other points along Lake Champlain, black Marble is obtained. At our New York Crystal Palace Exhibition a shell marble from Vermont, with bright red spots, attracted much attention-but it has not been worked. A serpentine recently discovered in Roxbury promises to replace the exhausted quarries of Europe. It very closely resembles the European verd antique, but where the latter has carbonate of lime, the former has carbonate of magnesia. According to Dr. Jackson, ours has a superior out-of-door durability, and longer resists decomposition from the atmosphere, from fire, and from acids. It offers no hold to moss. It cuts hard, but is sawn more easily. When polished it is a rich and beautiful green, veined with white and mottled. The quarries of this one State produce over a million dollars annually."

• 1882 - The Vermont Stone and Building Industry in 1882 - Excerpts from Mineral Resources of the United States, Calendar Year 1882, J. S. Powell, Director, Department of the Interior, United States Geological Survey, Government Printing Office, Washington, D. C., 1883. Excerpts from the chapters on 1) "Structural Materials" and 2) "The Useful Minerals of the United States."
• 1883 and 1884 - Vermont Stone Industry in 1883 and 1884 - Excerpts from Mineral Resources of the United States - Calendar Years 1883 and 1884, Department of the Interior, United States Geological Survey, Government Printing Office, Washington, D. C., 1885.
• 1885 - The Vermont Stone and Building Industry in 1885 - Excerpts from Mineral Resources of the United States, Calendar Year 1885, David T. Day, Geologist, Department of the Interior, United States Geological Survey, Government Printing Office, Washington, D. C., 1886. Excerpts from the chapter on "Structural Materials," by H. S. Sproull.
• 1886 - The Vermont Stone and Building Industry in 1886 - Excerpts from Mineral Resources of the United States, Calendar Year 1886, David T. Day, Chief of Division of Mining Statistics and Technology, Department of the Interior, United States Geological Survey, Government Printing Office, Washington, D. C., 1887. Excerpts from the chapters on 1) "Structural Materials," by William C. Day; and 2) "Novaculite," by George M. Turner.
• 1898/1899 - Vermont Stone Industry - Kinds of Stone Produced by Other States Other Than the State of Maryland (and compared to the stone quarried in Maryland). Excerpt from Maryland Geological Survey, Vol. II, "A History of the (Maryland) Quarrying Industry," by Edward B. Mathews, 1898.
• 1908 - The Vermont Stone Industry, 1908, from Mineral Resources of the United States, Calendar Year 1908, Part II - Nonmetallic Products, Department of the Interior, United States Geological Survey, Government Printing Office, Washington, D. C., 1909. Excerpts are from the following chapters: 1) Slate, by A. T. Coons; 2) Stone, by A. T. Coons; 3) part of chapter on Abrasive Materials, by W. C. Phalen.
• 1909/1910 - the Granite Industry of Vermont - Articles in The Monumental News Magazine:
  • “The Granite Industry of Vermont - Part I. The Barre Quarries,” pp. 894-901, in The Monumental News Magazine, Vol. XX, No. 12, December 1909. (The article includes the following maps: (1) Map of Vermont Showing Granite Centers and Prospects, (2) Map of Quarries About Millstone Hill in Barre and Williamstown, VT.)
  • “The Granite Industry of Vermont - Part II. Quarries Outside of Barre,” pp. 29-33, in The Monumental News Magazine, Vol. XXI, No. 1, January, 1910.
  • “The Granite Industry of Vermont - Part III. Economic and Geological Facts About Vermont Granite, pp. 125-127, in The Monumental News Magazine, Vol. XXII, No. 2, February, 1910.
• Circa 1915-1920 - “The Marble Industry of Vermont,” published between 1915 and 1920, Free Press Print Co., Burlington, Vt. (This booklet discusses the history of the Vermont marble industry and lists the various locations in which marble was quarried and in which plants were constructed. There are photographs of the quarries and men cutting, polishing, and carving the stone in addition to some photographs of the Arlington Memorial at the Arlington National Cemetery and a few other products. You can visit these two web sites and many others on the Internet for further information about the Arlington National Cemetery and the Arlington Memorial / Arlington Memorial Amphitheater: (1) The official Arlington National Cemetery Web site, and (2) The Arlington National Cemetery website presented by Michael Robert Patterson.)
• 1994 through 2004- The Mineral Industry of Vermont, United States Geological Survey (1994 through 2004).
• Map - Map of Vermont and New Hampshire Showing Location of Granite Quarries. Plate I (photograph) (From The Commercial Granites of New England, Bulletin 738, 1923.)

  Plate I (photograph) (from The Commercial Granites of New England, Bulletin 738, 1923. Map size is 231k)

• Vermont Mining, presented bySaleem H. Ali, Ph.D., Associate Professor of Environmental Planning, University of Vermont, Rubenstein School of Environment and Natural Resources. (This web sites covers the mining of asbestos, copper, granite, marble, and slate in Vermont.) A few of the links from this web site are as follows:

  • Introduction
  • Overview
  • Granite Quarrying in Vermont (history and photographs - includes several photographs of the Rock of Ages Corp. Granite Quarries in Barre , Vermont )
  • Marble Quarrying in Vermont (history and photographs)
  • Slate Quarrying in Vermont (history and photographs)
• Marble Quarry - Vermont (The Philadelphia Museums) This photograph shows a corner of one of the great quarries in what is the most important marble producing section of the United States. There are in this country other deposits of limestones, some of which are now being worked and others which will produce very largely in the future, but the quarries lying in the neighborhood of Rutland and Proctor, Vermont, produce annually more handsome marble many times over than is taken out in all the rest of America. This is due to the fine quality of stone in the quarries, the improved and efficient methods of working and the convenient transportation facilities which enable the stone to be easily put on the market. Old-fashioned and laborious methods of quarrying and handling the stone have been entirely displaced by the most modern machinery. The stone is too easily cracked and broken to allow of blasting. It is therefore cut out of the beds, in which it lies, by machines called "channelers". These consist of rows of long chisels, set in a strong travelling framework. This gang of chisels is arranged so that it is worked by machinery and vibrates up and down cutting a channel or groove in any desired direction. When the groove is sufficiently long and deep the channeler is set at work in another place cutting a cross channel and the bottom is also perforated. The block can then be easily split away by means of wedges. Blocks of marble thus dislodged are lifted by cranes and derricks worked by steam or electricity and carried rapidly and easily to the railroad cars for transportation. The picture shows one large block of marble being thus lifted to the surface of the ground. The clean-cut steps in the sides of the quarry show plainly how the machines have cut away the marble in great blocks. In the bottom of the quarry are some portable engines which furnish power for the quarrying machinery. A few laborers have been engaged in cleaning away the snow. At Proctor, Vermont, there are very extensive works where large amounts of this marble are dressed to size for building purposes before being shipped away. Much of it is sawed into slabs and polished for ornamental work. Vermont produces some pure white marble, a great deal of which is somewhat bluish in color, some which is variegated and some which is almost jet black.
• About Bluestone, by Bob Vila. Bluestone. A hard sandstone, is quarried in New York, Pennsylvania, and Vermont. The color is generally gray-blue, although it can vary from quarry to quarry and ranges from shades of brown to purple. (The link from which this information was obtained is no longer available.)
  <http://homearts.com/bvah/a7patb6.htm>

• “The Architecture of the Granite Shed,” by Paul Wood, November 5, 2007, in the Barre Montpelier Times Argus. (New England States: Connecticut, Delaware, Maine, Maryland, Massachusetts, New Hampshire, Rhode Island, and Vermont.)

• Barre Granite Association (Photographs and history of the Barre granite industry.)
  • Process Case Studies
    • Angel
• Barre Granite - The Barre Granite Industry 1780-1996 History, presented by Bucks County Memorial Company, Morrisville, Pennsylvania.
• "Barre Granite Quarries, Barre, Vermont," Centennial Field Guide, D. A. Richter, Northeast Section, Geological Society of America, pp. 239-242, 1987.
• Barre, Vermont – "Restoring the Future of Barre's Granite Industry." The Times Argus, Barre-Montpelier, Vermont. April 7, 1988. Commentary by Philip Cryan MarshallAssociate Professor, Historic Preservation Program School of Architecture, Roger Williams University. Philip Cryan Marshall is also associated with ePreservation.net.
• Barre, Vermont - Take granite out of Barre, and it would be like taking the Capitol out of Montpelier (Library of Congress - American Memories) (photographs, history and links) (Scroll down to this article.)
• Comparative Strength of Minnesota and New England Granites (February 1885) The Manufacturer and Builder, Vol. 17, Issue 2, February 1885, pg. 34. (Article in digital images viewed at American Memory, Library of Congress.)
• DiscoverySchool.com (Worldbook) - Vermont Minerals/Mining - Vermont has large deposits of granite, marble and slate, which can be found mainly in the Green Mountains region of Vermont. Granite is also quarried in eastern Vermont. Near Barre, Vermont, the largest granite quarries in the United States are located. Most of the marble quarries are located in the western-central part of Vermont, and valuable marble deposits are located in the Vermont Valley and the Taconic Mountains. The majority of the slate deposits are in the Taconic Mountains. (This information is no longer available on the DiscoverySchool web site.)
  <http://school.discovery.com/homeworkhelp/worldbook.html>
• Franklin & Grand Isle Counties, Vermont - 1998 Northwest Regional Plan
  • Regional Profile [PDF]
  • Natural and Cultural Resources [PDF]
• The Geology of the Marble Deposits - A Decision in Twenty Years Against Science (Court Case Rutland Marble. Co. (Vermont) and Ripley and Barnes (December 1884) The Manufacturer and Builder, Vol. 16, Issue 12, December 1884, pg. 274. (Article in digital images viewed at American Memory, Library of Congress.)
• The Granite Industry in New England by George Rich (February 1892) (Click on "Next Page" near the right top of the page to view the next page.) The New England Magazine, Vol. 11, Issue 6, February 1892, pages. 742-765. (Article in digital images viewed at American Memory, Library of Congress.)
• Granite Manufacturers’ Association of Barre, Vermont (1895) The following information is from The Monumental News, August, 1895, Vol. 7, No. 8, Chicago, Illinois, pp. 499.

  “President: H. K. Bush. 1st Vice-President: George Lamson. 2nd Vice-President: T. J. Kelleher. Secretary: E. M. Tayntor.”

• Granite Manufacturers’ Association of New England Officers (1895) The following information is from The Monumental News, August, 1895, Vol. 7, No. 8, Chicago, Illinois, pp. 499.

  “President: Henry Murray, Boston, Massachusetts. Vice-Presidents: W. S. White, Rockland, Me.; Thos. Nawn, Concord, N. H.; Chas. H. More, Barre, Vt.; A. T. Farnum, Providence, R. I., Wm. Booth, New London, Conn.; C. B. Canfield, New York City.

  Treasurer: Isaac F. Woodbury, Boston.

  Secretary: J. W. Frost, Boston.”

• Granite Manufacturers of Barre, Montpelier and Northfield, Vermont (1902) (The following information is from the section “Marble and Granite” in Stone: An Illustrated Magazine Devoted to Stone, Marble, Granite, Slate, Cement, Contracting and Building, Vol. XXIV, No. 1, January, 1902, Stone Publishing Co., New York, pp. 62.)

  More than 90 per cent. of the granite manufacturers of Barre, Montpelier and Northfield have signed an agreement putting in effect the new “central office” plan. This means that all estimates on granite work shall pass through the exchange, which will figure the actual cost on the work. The manufacturers will then add their percentage of profit in making bids.

• "In the Marble Hills (in Vermont)" (1890) This article about marble quarrying includes several very nice sketches relating to quarrying marble from the Century Magazine, September 1890.
• "In The Marble Quarries of Vermont," from Popular Mechanics, October 1914.
• Marble & Slate Interests in Vermont (1902) (The following information is from the section “Stone Trade Notes” in Stone: An Illustrated Magazine Devoted to Stone, Marble, Granite, Slate, Cement, Contracting and Building, Vol. XXIV, No. 1, January, 1902, Stone Publishing Co., New York, pp. 68.)

  The correspondents of Bradstreet’s report that the marble and slate interests of Vermonts (sic) are very active. Poultney reports an active slate business for this time of year; quarries are being worked when the weather is suitable and there is a good demand for the product; retail trade is satisfactory. Granite business appears to be improving in Barre; the larger sheds have plenty of work on hand, and the demand for stone at quarries is greater than can be immediately supplied. Retail trade is satisfactory and collections fair.

• The Marble Industry in Vermont - Excerpts from "Marmor, Stein und Eisen," by Birgit Hirschmann, August, 1999, H. Hirschmann, Ltd.
• "The Marble Mountains (in Vermont)," by Edwin B. Child, Scribener's Magazine, May, 1905. This article is of the writer's visit to a few marble quarries in Vermont and includes many drawings of that time in 1905 of the quarry and the men working in the quarry.
• The Marbles of Vermont (September 1888) The Manufacturer and Builder, Vol. 20, Issue 9, September 1888, pg. 203. (The article includes a sketch: "Interior View of Marble Quarry at West Rutland, Vermont"; article in digital images viewed at American Memory, Library of Congress.)
• The Marbles of Vermont (December 1890) (Click on "Next Page" to view the following page.) The Manufacture and Builder, Vol. 22, Issue 12, December 1890, pgs. 272-273. (Article in digital images viewed at American Memory, Library of Congress.)
• The Mineral Industry of Vermont (circa 1995) [PDF]
• Principal Producers of Dimension Stone in the United States in 1995, by State.
  [PDF] U.S. Department of the Interior - U.S. Geological Survey - Mineral Industry Surveys
• Table 1 - Principal Producers of Dimension Stone - Vermont

• State & Company	# of Quarries	Kind of Stone	County	Headquarters Location
  Hilltop Slate	2	slate	Rutland	Mid Granville, NY
  Rock of Ages Corp. (Division of John Swenson Granite Co.)	6	granite	Windsor & Washington	Concord, NH
  Quarry Slate Industries Inc.	1	Slate	Rutland	Poultney, VT
  U.S. Quarried Slate Products	1	slate	Windsor	Fair Haven, VT
  Vermont Quarries Co.	2	marble	Rutland	Proctor, VT
  Vermont Structural Slate Co.	3	slate	Rutland	Fair Haven, VT

• Proctor Vermont - Marble Quarry (Keystone View Co. photograph and text, #13701, 1913)
• Rock Steady - Vermont's quarry industry produces stone with a worldwide reputation for excellence, by Craig Bailey. Originally published in Business People, February 1999. Photos by Jeff Clarke. (This site includes a photograph of the Rock of Ages granite quarry.)
• Roof Slate Producing Region in Vermont/New York - Physical and Historical Profiles, by Philip Cryan Marshall, Geologist/Conservator, "Slated for Preservation."
• Slate - Basic Instructions: How To Identify Your Slate, presented by Jenkins Slate Roofing Services, Grove City, Pennsylvania.

  The following types of slate are discussed and photographs of some of the slate used on roofs are included: (1) Sea green slate from Vermont; (2) Purple slate from Vermont; (3) Unfading green slate Vermont; (4) Pennsylvania black slate (below) from the Lehigh Northampton slate district; (5) "Bangor" black slates is from Bangor, Pennsylvania; (6) Ribbon slate from Pennsylvania; (7) Chapman slate from the Lehigh Northampton district of Pennsylvania; (8) Peach Bottom slates from Pennsylvania and Maryland; (9) Monson slates, a dark black slate, is quarried at Monson, Maine; (10) Buckingham slates or Virginia slates; and (11) New York red slate.

• Slate Colors (from Vermont and other states), presented by Vermont Slate Depot, Wells, Vermont.
• Slate from Vermont (Vermont Slate Colors), presented by RMG Stone Products, Inc., Castleton, Vermont
• A Study in Slate: Welsh Immigration: Its Effects on the Slate Valley (1840-1870), The Slate Industry from 1901-1930, and Environmental Impacts of Slate Quarries, A Project by Scott Carpenter, in partial fulfillment of a BS - Environmental Studies, December 9, 2002. (The "Abstract" below is used with permission of the author. You can view the entire document at the following PDF link.) [PDF]

  "The Slate Valley of Vermont and New York is an area that covers approximately 300 square miles and is home to about 10 towns. Slate from this area is highly valued for its many different colors. Many Welsh people immigrated to Vermont in the 1850's from quarrying villages in North Wales. They changed the face of quarrying in the Slate Valley because of mining techniques and tools brought with them from Wales. They also changed the towns due to social and economic impact. This study focused on the correlation between the increase in Welsh immigration between 1840 and 1870, the increase in the slate business over the same time span, the slate industry from 1901 to 1930, and the environmental impact that quarries have on the surrounding landscape. The research has been historical, from libraries (University of Vermont, Green Mountain College), the Slate Valley Museum, and from the State of Vermont Census and business materials from the Building and General Services Department in Montpelier Vermont."

• “Tools and Machinery of the Granite Industry” (in four parts), by Paul Wood, in The Chronicle of the Early American Industries Association, Inc. (Issues of these magazines are available from th Early American Industries Association, Inc. Parts I, II, III, and IV articles are available on the Find Articles web site at the web addresses below, although the photographs are not included.)
  • Part I. Vol. 59, No. 2, June 2006. (“Introduction: This article, the first in a series of four on granite working, deals with granite as a material, an industry, and a product and begins the description of the granite quarrying process.”)
  • Part II. Vol. 59, No. 3, September 2006. (“Introduction: This article, the second in a series of four on granite working, completes the description of the quarrying process....”)
  • Part III. Vol. 59, No. 4, December 2006. (“Granite Finishing: A small number of basic finished dimension stones made up the great majority of granite shed production. For gravestones and private....”)
  • Part IV. Vol. 60, No. 1, March 2007. (“This article is the last in a series of four on the tools and machinery of granite working....”)
• "Vermont - A State of Mind and Mountains" by Ethel A. Starbird, National Geographic Staff, Photographs by Nathan Benn, National Geographic, July 1974, extracted from pages 40-41. (The following quote is reproduced with the permission of National Geographic. I have not been able to gain permission so far to reproduce a very unforgettable photograph by Nathan Benn of a view from high up in the quarry looking to the bottom. Peggy B. Perazzo)

  "While early Vermonters reaped meager rewards from the rock soil, later ones found riches under it. The state has long been among the nation's leading producers of marble as well as granite, and of asbestos, talc, and slate." "Threading a maze of tunnels, I followed assistant foreman Maurice Price through the Vermont Marble Company mine deep inside Dorset Mountain. In eerie light dimmed by dust, shadowy figures extracted famous Danby marble, distinctively streaked with clouds of color...." "My dad wanted me to stay on the farm...you can't beat the climate (in the quarry); about 50 degrees year-round." "Less comfortable conditions prevail in another Vermont quarry, an open-pit operation nearby West Pawlet, where a long line of Welshmen have helped keep the slate industry alive." "Jack Williams held a chunk of stone between his aproned knees and skillfully cleaved slates, slim as a silver dollar, for my farmhouse roof. In 1948 this barrell-chested bachelor left the quarries of Wales for those of Vermont and a new life that closely resembles the old...." "Fair Haven, another Welsh stronghold, lies a few miles north, in the center of the nation's major colored-slate belt...."

• Vermont Marble (May 1891) The Manufacturer and Builder, Vol. 23, Issue 5, May 1891, pgs. 105-106. May 1891. (Article in digital images viewed at American Memory, Library of Congress.)
• Vermont Marble Company, Proctor, Vermont - Keeping Up With Marble: Sketching the Growth of a Great Industry and Telling Why Marble Has Kept in the Lead, published circa 1912. (book)
• Vermont - New York - Slate Industry - Slated for Preservation, by Marshall, Philip Cryan, et. al. "Slated for Preservation," presented at The Roofing Conference and Exposition for Historic Buildings, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, March 17-19, 1999. Vermont/New York – Credits: National Slate Association, Slate Roofs, 1926, pp. 8-9 (history, quarry locations, colors available) Philip Cryan Marshall is also associated with ePreservation.net.
• The Vermont Slate Industry (March 1869) - The Manufacturer and Builder, Vol. 1, Issue 3, March 1869, pgs. 83-86. (Article in digital images viewed at American Memory, Library of Congress.)
• Vermont Stone Workers – Reduction in Length of Work Day – Vermont Marble Co. (From Stone: An Illustrated Magazine, Vol. XII, No. 1, December, 1895, "Notes From Quarry and Shop" section, Stone Publishing Co., New York, pp. 80.)

  "All the help of the Vermont Marble company at Proctor, Vt., with the exception of the men employed in the mills, began working nine hours a day Nov. 1 a reduction of one hour each day, with corresponding reduction in wages."

• A Virtual Tour of the North Country Black Quarry Pit and Mill presented by the New England Slate Company.

Stone Carvers, Stone Cutters, etc., in Vermont

• Tom Blatt, Sculptor, Brooklyn, New York - Visit Tom Blatt Sculpture & Paintings web site to view photographs of sculptures in Indiana limestone and Vermont marble.
• Giuliano Cecchinelli, a sculptor in Barre, Vermont. Don Myers presents the account of his interview with Mr. Cecchinelli in his essay entitled, "The Last Italian." Don Myers describes the essay as follows: "This is the story of a monumental sculpture, grave stones, and a true stone artist. The last Italian thinks of himself as workman, an ordinary carver. I think of him as extra an extraordinary artist." (The link from which the essay, "The Last Italian," was located is no longer available. I am leaving this entry here in case I can locate Don Myers new web site in the future. Peggy B. Perazzo, January 2006)
  <http://sculpturedisplay.com/The%20Last%20Italian.html>
  • Giuliano Cecchinelli is mentioned in the article entitled, “A Town of Grave Importance: Resting in peace, Barre, Vermont, is a little town with a reputation carved in stone,” in National Geographic, by Margaret G. Zackowitz, photographs by Cary Wolinsky, October 2003.
• Michael Fannin, Stone Carver, Middletown Springs, Vermont
• Rock of Ages Vermont
  • Craftman’s Center

• “The Rule Family: Vermont Gravestone Carvers and Marble Dealers,” by Ann M. Cathcart, in Markers XIX, Association for Gravestone Studies, 2002. (New York, Vermont, USA)

• Anita Socinski, Stone Cutter and Owner of A&M Stoneworks, Colchester, Chittenden County, Vermont.

“Rock Star: Anita Socinski has carved out her niche as a respected stonecutter,” by Cal Workman, Business People Vermont Magazine, originally published in May 2003.

• “Colchester Woman Builds Reputation in Stoneworks,” by Helen J. Simon, Burlington Free Press, October 17, 2005. (You can purchase a full copy of this article from the Burlington Free Press Archives.)

  “While an increasing number of women own or manage stone-fabrication facilities today, it is more unusual to come across one who also works hands-on with the material. One example is Anita Socinski. In 1996, the fourth-generation stone-industry worker launched A & M Stoneworks, a company in Colchester , Vt. , that has two employees and annual gross sales of about $500,000. At the 3,500-square-foot workshop, A&M designs, cuts, and installs stone; makes countertops, bathroom vanities, and fireplace surrounds from marble, granite, soapstone, limestone, and stone composite; and performs stone restoration. Socinski credits her great grandfather, an immigrant from Poland , with passing down his stoneworking skills. Today, one brother runs her father's business--Densmore Monuments in South Burlington--and one uncle owns Artistic Cemetery Memorials in Rutland and another owns Rutland Marble and Granite in Castleton....”

• “Sharin Stone,” Seven Days, published May 2, 2007.

  “Anita Socinski rocks the world of high-end countertops, fireplaces, backsplashes and vanities through A&M Stoneworks, a custom-carving business she founded in 1996....”

• Jerry Williams, Barre Sculpture Studio. "Barre, Vermont with its rich history as the 'granite capitol of the world' provides the backdrop for you to explore the work of sculptor Jerry Williams."
• WPA Life Histories from Vermont (Library of Congress American Memory)