Mineral Resources of the US - Calendar Year 1898

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Excerpts from

Twentieth Annual Report of the United States Geological Survey

Part VI. Mineral Resources of the United States, 1898, Nonmetallic Products, Except Coal and Coke.

Washington: Government Printing Office, 1899.

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First Title Page	Second Title Page

“Stone,” by William C. Day - pp. 269-464

Introduction – 269

Acknowledgments - 269

Value of Stone Produced in 1897 and 1898 – 270

Value of Stone Product in 1898, by States – 271

Granite – pp. 272-327

Value of the Granite Output, by States in 1898 – 272

Value of the Granite, by States and Uses, in 1897 – 272

Value of Granite Paving Blocks Made in 1897 and 1898, by States – 274

Value of Trap Rock Produced in the United States in 1898, by States, and Uses – 274

Value of the Granite Produced by Each State, 1890-1898 – 275

Granite Industry in the Individual States – 277

The following states are described in this section: California – 277; Colorado – 277; Connecticut – 277; Delaware – 277; Georgia –277; Maine – 278; Maryland – 278; Massachusetts – 278; Minnesota – 278; Missouri – 278; New Hampshire – 278; New Jersey – 279; New York – 279; North Carolina – 279; Pennsylvania – 279; Rhode Island – 279; South Carolina – 280; South Dakota – 280; Texas – 280; Utah – 280; Vermont – 280; Virginia – 281; Washington – 281; and Wisconsin – 281.

Marble – pp. 281-292

Distribution and Value of Output in 1896, 1897, and 1898 Among Various Uses - 282

Value of Marble Product in 1897, by Uses and States in 1896, 1897, and 1898 – 282

Value of Marble, by States, from 1890 to 1898 – 283

The Marble Industry in Individual States – 284-286

The following states are described in this section: California – 284; Colorado – 284; Maryland – 2284; Massachusetts – 284; New York – 285; Pennsylvania – 285; Tennessee – 285; Utah – 285; and Vermont – 286.

Onyx Marble – 286

Characteristics – 286

Price – 287

Preparation – 287

Occurrence – 287

The following locations are described in this “Onyx Marble” section: California, Arizona, Utah, New Mexico, Texas, Arkansas, Virginia, the Republic of Mexico, Egypt, and Algeria, France, and Germany.

Marble Slate - 291

Slate – pp. 292-336

Condition of Trade – 292

Exports – 292

Exports of Slate from United States, Showing Parts and customs Districts from Which and to Which Sent, from 1893-1898 – 293

Value of Slate Produced in 1898, by States – 294

Average Annual Price Per Square of Roofing Slate for the Entire Country – 294.

Value of Slate, by States, from 1890 to 1898 – 295

The Slate Industry in Individual States – 290-301

The following states are described in this section: California – 2299; Georgia – 299; Maine – 300; Maryland – 300; Massachusetts - 300; New Jersey – 300; New York – 300; Pennsylvania – 300; Vermont – 301; and Virginia – 301.

Location and Area of the Slate Belt – 301

Previous Work of Geologists – 302

The “Sea-Green” Roofing Slate (Chemical Analyses) – 303

Microscopic Analysis – 304

The Discoloration of the Sea-Green Slates – 305

“Hard” and “Soft” Sea-Green Slates – 306

The “Unfading Green” Roofing Slate (Chemical Analyses) – 307

Microscopic Analyses – 308

Slate-Pencil Slate – 308

The Purple and Variegated Roofing Slates (Chemical Analyses) – 309

Microscopic Analysis - 310

The Red Roofing Slate (Chemical Analyses) – 311

Microscopic Analysis – 312

The Bright-Green Roofing Slates – 313

The Black Roofing Slates – (Chemical Analyses) – 314

Microscopic Analysis – 315

Microscopic Analysis of “Mill Stock” – 315

The Spotted Slates – 316

Microscopic Analyses – 316

Chemical Analyses of Spots in Red Slate – 317

Discussion of the Spots – 319

Minerals Associated with the Slates – 320

Slates from Other Regions – 321

Microscopic Analyses of Slates from Other Regions – 322

The following locations are described in this section: Dark purple (so-called “red”) roofing slate from Penrhyn, Wales (England); Black roofing slate from Festiniog, Wales; Purple (so-called “red”) roofing slate from Cilgwyn Nantlle, in Wales; Black roofing slate (“Lehigh”), Pennsylvania; Black roofing slate from quarry of the Bangor Slate Company, Easton, Pennsylvania; Black roofing slate from Brownville and Monson quarries, Piscataquis County, Maine.)

Summary of Chemical Composition of the Slates – 324

Remarks on the Analyses – 325

Summary of Mineral Composition of the Slates – 325

Difficulties in Slate Quarrying – 326

Bedding and Cleavage, How Distinguished – 327

“Flints” – Their Nature and Causes – 328

Relations of Joints, Dikes, and Hogbacks – 328

The Use of a Geological Map and Compass for prospecting for Slate – 329

Methods of Testing Slate – 330

Sonorousness; Cleavability; Cross fracture (“sculping”); Character of cleavage surface; Presence of lime; color and discoloration; Presence of clay; Presence of marcasite; Strength; Toughness or elasticity; Density, or specific gravity; Porosity; Corrodibility; Microscopic analysis; and Chemical analysis.)

Glossary of Geological and Quarry Terms – 335

Sandstone – pp. 336-341

Sandstone Production in 1898, by States – 336

Value of Sandstone, by States, from 1890-1898 – 337

The Sandstone Industry in the Various States – 339-341

The following states are described in this section: Alabama – 339; Arizona – 339; Arkansas – 339; California – 339; Colorado – 339; Connecticut – 339; Illinois – 339; Indiana – 339; Iowa – 339; Kansas – 340; Kentucky – 340; Louisiana – 340; Maryland – 340; Massachusetts – 340; Michigan – 340; Minnesota – 340; Missouri – 340; New Jersey – 340; New York – 340; Ohio – 341; Oregon – 341; Pennsylvania – 341; South Dakota – 341; Texas – 341; Utah – 341; Washington – 341; West Virginia – 341; Wisconsin – 341; and Wyoming - 341.

Limestone – pp. 342-351

Production of Limestone in 1898, by States, and Uses – 342

Value of limestone, by States, from 1890-1898 - 343

Limestone Industry in the Individual States – 346-351

The following states are described in this section: Alabama – 346; Arizona –346; Arkansas – 346; California – 346; Colorado – 346; Connecticut – 346; Florida – 346; Georgia – 347; Idaho – 347; Illinois – 347; Indiana – 347; Iowa – 347; Kansas – 348; Kentucky – 348; Maine – 348; Maryland – 348; Massachusetts – 348; Michigan – 348; Minnesota – 349; Missouri – 349; Montana – 349; Nebraska – 349; New Jersey – 349; New York – 349; Ohio – 350; Pennsylvania – 350; Rhode Island – 350; South Carolina – 350; South Dakota – 350; Tennessee – 350; Texas – 350; Vermont – 350; Virginia – 351; Washington – 350; West Virginia – 350; and Wisconsin – 351.

Tests and Analyses of Stone – 351-464

Tests and Analyses of Stone in Individual States - 354

(Analyses are provided for the following states.) Limestone Quarries in Alabama 354; Analyses of Lime from Alabama Limestone – 355; Sandstone in Arizona – 356; Granite in Arkansas – 357; Granite, Marble, & Sandstone in California – 358; Marble in Colorado – 361; Granite, Trap Rock, Sandstone & Limestone in Connecticut – 362; Granite in Delaware – 371; Granite, Marble, Limestone, & Slate in Georgia – 371; Limestone in Illinois – 377; Sandstone & Limestone in Indiana – 379; Limestone in Iowa – 383; Sandstone & Limestone in Kansas – 385; Sandstone & Limestone in Kentucky – 387; Granite, Slate, & Limestone in Maine – 389; Granite, Marble, Slate, & Sandstone in Maryland – 399; Limestone in Maryland – 404; Granite, Trap Rock, Marble, Sandstone, Limestone, & Lime in Massachusetts – 402; Sandstone in Michigan – 411; Sandstone & Limestone in Minnesota – 414; Granite in Missouri – 414; Limestone in Montana – 416; Granite in Nevada – 416; Granite in New Hampshire – 417; Granite, Sandstone, & Limestone in New Jersey – 418; Granite, Marble, Slate, Bluestone, & Limestone in New York – 421; Sandstone in North Carolina – 429; Sandstone & Limestone in Ohio – 429; Sandstone in Oregon – 434; Granite, Marble, Slate, Sandstone, Bluestone, & Limestone in Pennsylvania – 435; Limestone in Rhode Island – 442; Granite in South Carolina – 442; Sandstone, and Limestone in South Dakota – 442; Limestone in Tennessee – 443; Limestone in Texas – 444; Sandstone in Utah – 445; Granite, Marble, & Slate in Vermont – 445; Granite, Slate, & Limestone in Virginia – 457; Sandstone in Washington (state) – 459; Limestone in West Virginia – 459; Granite, Sandstone, & Limestone in Wisconsin – 460; & Sandstone in Wyoming – 464.)

Analyses of Foreign Slates – 452

(The following locations are included in the table.) Delabole gray roofing slate, Camelford, Cornwall, England; Fumay: Purple roofing slate, Green roofing slate, Ardennes, France; La Richeolle Quarry: Blue-gray roofing slate, Rimogne, Ardennes, France; Black slate, Westphalia; Bluish roofing slate, Near Wigstadl, Mohradorf, Silesia, Austria; & Glyn quarries, blue slate, Llanberis, Wales, England.)

Cement pp. 539-550

Portland Cement, By Spencer B. Newberry

Production – 539

Product of Portland Cement in the United States in 1897 and 1898 – 539

Development of Portland Cement Industry in the United States Since 1890 – 540

Imports – 541

Imports of Cement into the United States in 1896, 1897, and 1989, by Countries – 541

Relation of Domestic Production to Importation – 542

Comparison of the Domestic Production of Portland Cement with the Imports – 542

Fig. 2. Graphic representation of the production, importation, and total consumption of Portland Cement from 1890 to 1898 – 543

The Portland Cement Industry in The Various States – 544

Illinois – 544; Indiana – 544; Kentucky – 544; Michigan – 545; and Ohio – 493.

Materials - 545

Processes – 546

American Rock Cement, by Uriah Cummings – 547-550

Production and price – 547

Product of Rock Cement in 1897 and 1898 – 547

Consumption of Cement of All Kinds in the United States – 548

New Developments – 549

California – 549; Florida – 549; Indiana – 550; Pennsylvania – 550; and Virginia – 550.

Excerpts from “Abrasive Materials,” by Edward W. Parker

(Not all of the sections in the “Abrasive Materials” section will be presented in this document.)

Buhrstones – 603-604

Production – 603

Value of Buhrstones Produced in the United States from 1880 to 1898 – 604

Imports – 604

Grindstones – 609

Occurrence – 609

Production – 609

Value of grindstones Produced in the United States, 1880 to 1898 – 610

Pulpstone - 610

Imports – 611

Grindstones Imported and Entered for Consumption in the United States, 1868 to 1898, Inclusive - 611

Canadian Production - 612

Oilstones and Whetstones – 613

Production – 613

Occurrence – 613

Imports – 615

Mineral Resources of Porto Rico, by Robert T. Hill – pp. 771-778 (Puerto Rico)

Introduction – 771

Clays – 771

Sand – 772

Stone – 772

Gypsum – 774

Soils – 774

Fertilizers – 774

Fuels – 775

Salt – 775

Mineral Waters – 775

Metals – 776

Conclusion – 778

Investigations of Some of The Mineral Resources of Porto Rico, by H. B. C. Nitze – pp. 779-787 (Puerto Rico)

Introduction – 779

Gold – 784

Lead – 784

Copper – 784

Iron Pyrites – 785

Iron – 786

Peat and Lignite – 787

Phosphate of Lime - 787

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